Book Review Black City Makers

Introduction The book reveals how Blacks in Philadelphia have impacted positively on urban renewal in the country. It focuses on different issues Blacks have faced in the city, and how these issues affected their socio-economic status in the country.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Book Review: Black City Makers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It looks at settlement patterns in the city and how they were affected by racist policies of previous city administrations. Hunter argues that the post war period has led to a renewed sense of pride, which has made many Blacks living in America participate positively in all spheres of public life (52). The book reveals how blacks have been able to shape their own destiny because of the active role they played in the city’s renewal. This has enabled them sustain strong relations with other communities living there, a factor that has contributed positively to th eir progress. The book focuses on social changes in Philadelphia after the post war period and how they contributed to the city’s progress. Hunter reveals that Blacks have a strong political voice, which has made more political leaders to pay attention to their concerns (79). He shows how urban voting trends are driven by issues, which affect Blacks and other minority groups in the country. Socio-economic issues such as housing, employment and healthcare, also affect people from other racial and ethnic groups in the country. The book reveals that all these struggles are faced by Blacks and other minority communities in the country.Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The book delves into the association between black political groups and what made them establish close links with the Democratic party in the country. The book captures different social issues in urban areas, which affect the Black community and other racial groups living nearby. The book highlights the historical context of different social issues that affect Blacks in Philadelphia and how they have shaped their political leanings. The book also highlights the racial divide in politics and how it shapes public opinion on different issues. Urban Politics He reveals how urban politics have been shaped by issues related to racial equality, housing and employment. Poverty and low standards of living in urban areas have always influenced political debates in the country. However, this has not affected social interactions blacks in the US have with other racial groups. They have managed to live in close proximity with Whites and other Americans in Philadelphia’s suburbs. Hunter shows that Blacks are developing strong social ties with other racial and ethnic communities, which influences their perceptions on different issues (61). Minority groups have continued to shape urban pol itics, and they are having a large impact on voting patterns in times of elections. The book reveals how minorities have bore the brunt of urban expansion in the country, since the beginning of the 20th century, which led to their displacement. The book takes note of the early 20th century, when many blacks settled in the city. They were later evicted from their settlements to pave way for the upgrade of the city’s infrastructure.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Book Review: Black City Makers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The collapse of tenements in the city, highlights problems they faced, which resulted loss of property for many black families. Blacks mainly resided in low income neighborhoods and they did not enjoy rights accorded white property owners. Tenement collapses made many Blacks realize the importance of participating in politics. They compelled the mayor to take more time to consid er the plight of low income residents before initiating any major changes to the city’s infrastructure (Hunter 72). These difficult times made blacks more conscious of their rights, which lay a strong foundation for Civil Rights Movement, that took place in the 1950’s and 1960’s. Housing Issues Philadelphia black residents forced the mayor to carry out changes to the city’s flawed housing policies. Working class black political groups sprung into action and put pressure on the mayor and other politicians to improve the welfare of low income earners. Future city plans had to take note of slum dwellings, which were improved to ensure the welfare of low income earners was catered for. Changes in official city policies benefited all residents, irrespective of their racial or ethnic extraction. They benefited from a better living environment, where basic amenities and infrastructure, were provided by city authorities (Hunter 89). The book shows that the the co nscious awareness of blacks resulted in positive changes, which made future generations of Philadelphia residents live a better life. This encouraged strong interracial bonds to be formed in the community, giving rise to a multi-cultural society.Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Housing issues have dominated urban politics in the US and they determine how various political candidates running for office perform in elections. The book shows how Black political groups in Philadelphia found a voice through the Democratic party, which allowed them to challenge the status quo. In essence, they were able to influence political leaders in the city and the rest of the country to take issues, which many urban residents face seriously. As a result, housing has become one of the key political agendas for successive governments in the country (Hunter 90). Many politicians give more attention to needs of urban residents, which has changed the country’s politics. It highlights the way banks serving mainly black clients collapsed, making many black residents face a period of uncertainty. Different factors led these banks to collapse yet they provided financial services to many African Americans, who were shunned by mainstream financial institutions. Rise of Black Po liticians The collapse of these banks happened around the same time the Great Depression, brought the country’s economy to its knees. The writer argues that even though black banks had a great vision, they operated in a financial environment that was not conducive for their survival. The Black Seventh Ward in Philadelphia is used as a symbol of black consciousness in the city, which has influenced many political, social and economic ideals (Hunter 103). This has transformed the racial and political environment in the city, giving all residents a common voice. It has also led to a rise in the number of Black politicians running for office in the city. The book shows how these changes have contributed to more political consciousness among Black residents living in the city. The book shows how Black Seventh Ward in Philadelphia changed perspectives of Black urban residents, who settled in other multi-racial residential areas. This consciousness has made more Blacks to be elected as mayors of several cities across the country, because they are judged based on their ability to deliver and not according to the color of their skin. Working class minority communities in urban areas are more influential and they demand more accountability from their political leaders, than ever before. The Black Seventh Ward as portrayed in the book is a perfect environment that allows Blacks to become more involved in affairs of their own city. Works Cited Hunter, Marcus Anthony. Black Citymakers: How The Philadelphia Negro Changed Urban America. New York: Oxfod University Press, 2013. Print. This book review on Book Review: Black City Makers was written and submitted by user Mayson Vargas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Critical Essay - Slavery in Beloved essays

Critical Essay - Slavery in Beloved essays Beloved, the novel by Toni Morrison isnt really about slavery, although everything each character does relates back to their past experiences in slavery. Sethe would have never have killed Beloved if Sethe hadnt been a runaway slave. Sethe killed Beloved to protect her from slavery. Denver would have never been lonely if Sethe hadnt killed Beloved. Howard and Buglar, Sethes sons would have never ran away if Sethe hadnt murdered Beloved. Baby Suggs wouldnt have died so soon if Sethe hadnt killed Beloved. Paul D wouldnt have left Sethe, if she hadnt murdered Beloved. All these things were directly related to Sethe murdering Beloved, which she did to protect The novel is about the interior lives of the characters. The novel lets you in on Baby Suggs interior life, her feelings when she became free, when she found out that her grandkids and daughter in-law had made it, but her son Halle had not. The novel lets in on how she knew that something bad was coming on the day that Sethe killed Beloved. We also saw how slavery and white people affected Baby Suggs life, her time I agree with Toni Morrisons quote about her novel Beloved . The novel isnt all about slavery. Its about the effects of slavery and the interior lives of the characters. Toni shows us the interior lives of all the characters and how they interact with each other. She shows us how the characters feel about one another and the things that go on in their lives. This novel teaches you the effects of slavery on people and their lives. ...

Crime Victim Services Program Bullhead City, Arizona Scholarship Essay

Crime Victim Services Program Bullhead City, Arizona - Scholarship Essay Example 91% of Hopi County lacked access of victims’ service resources (HCVAC, 2002 – 2007). These problems were constrained to rural people with limited resources. The problem affected people from Arizona country, specifically residents of Hopi County. It has brought about the issue of insecurity and poverty in the County. The problem includes loss of lives which causes trauma to the affected witnesses of murders. Most people are living in fear of their safety (Katz, 2007). This was a report of Arizona Department of Public Safety problem that needed to be addressed immediately. It has been found that in most cases the poor, low-class and rural people who have no access to victim services. The geographic coverage of the rural area is big. It is very importance to analyze this because it helps reduce crime, heal the affected victims and restore harmony in the County An increase in victims’ service resources like Satellite office in the area will increase the safety of the residents by taking them through the legal process and help them to be compensated where possible. This includes a background education what the victim needs to know to assist him or her in legal matters to have a fair chance of having justice prevailing. This would see through an extra 500 victims to accessing these serves (Uchida, 2007). Crime victims programs should help them have temporary homes and basic needs readily available. They should provide health care services for the victims and counseling services to the psychologically affected people. Victims of rape and physically assaulted people are the more advised to be involved in these counseling exercise. Through eradication of the victims program, and necessary training of individuals, it should assist the victim undergo a healing process; able to take themselves through the judicial process with less constraints (Uchida, 2007). This should reduce

Evaluation of the chairman report for AL MAZAYA HOLDING CO Essay

Evaluation of the chairman report for AL MAZAYA HOLDING CO - Essay Example It implies that gap between the auditor’s signature and that of the chairperson was one month. One month is a short time and it enhances the timeliness of the company’s chairperson report thus improving the relevance of such information to users such as investors. The precision of the chairperson’s report enables the users of such information to base their decisions on current information rather than outdated information. Thus, it is easy for users of financial information to assess how much the company’s financial situation has changed since the publication of the financial statements. In this case, the information presented in the chairperson’s report reflects the information contained in the financial statements because of its precision. The balance between past information and future information is 92.3 percent. The chairperson’s report focuses more on past information than future information. For instance, he reflects on the promise the company made at the beginning of 2013 and reminds the reader that the company has fulfilled its promise. Additionally, the report primarily focuses on the company’s achievement in the year 2013. Approximately twelve sentences talk about the past while on the contrary only two sentences discuss the future. The chairperson is obsessed with the past because the company recorded stellar performances in its operations. For example, the company achieved a 2000 percent increase in profits. It is amazing to see a company record such performances and investors must be glad that their investments yielded high returns. Past information is important for the company because it attracts new investors who will be willing to buy shares in the company because of its stellar record. Ho wever, there should be a balance between the past and the future so that investors can acquaint themselves with where the company is coming from and where it is heading. Thus, the chairperson fails to give a

INTRODUCING HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

INTRODUCING HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE - Essay Example The demographics indicate that most of the children born to teenagers end up been aborted; over half of the children born to teenagers under the age of 18 years. Barking and Dagenham faces a huge challenge in terms of sexual and reproductive health. Teenage pregnancy is a social issue, and it needs both health and social care, evidence indicate that the children born to teenage mothers are likely to experience some very negative outcomes later in their life stages. This children are likely to take the place of their parents and became teenage parents themselves, which seems to be a perpetuating issue where teenage parenthood is moved from one generation to the other. One of the negative effects of teenage pregnancy is the fact that it is both a contributory factor to poverty and is also an outcome of child poverty. Barking and Dagenham is an area where their rate of unemployment is very high and the region is can be described as a poor area, this explains why teenagers from this areas are likely to get pregnant more than other teenagers in more affluent areas. There are numerous challenges that women who conceive during their teenage-hood face during their lives. One of the major challenges is that most of them are not able to complete school, and their education dream is shattered. Lack of completing their education will make them not to gain access to proper job opportunities, and their life chances of themselves and their kids are ruined. Research has also indicated that they are likely to partner with men who are not employed and re poorly qualified. The poverty vicious cycles seem to be endless for the teenagers who conceive in this stage. Those who conceive beyond their teens are likely to complete their education and are likely to partner with men who are determined and are well off. Health is also another big concern in teenage pregnancy; they are likely to suffer poorer health. Their

The financing of the UK healthcare system

The financing of the UK healthcare system Since the recession, the UK debt and deficit has been at an all time high, where by the end of 2009 UK debt was reported to be  £950.4 billion, equivalent 68.1 gross domestic product (GDP) and the deficit was  £159.2 billion, which equated to 11.4% GDP (Figure 1).1 With that in mind it is a fact that all public sectors will be facing spending cuts to reduce the governments debt and deficit. Since the NHS receives its funding from the government, it is logical that it will face spending cuts too. Therefore, it is significantly important to use economics as one of the determinants in the allocation of already limited healthcare resources. Figure 1. Shows the UK government debt and deficit as percentage of GDP, from 2006 until the end of 2009.1 Economics is concerned with efficiently allocating the limited available resources, between alternative uses, to achieve maximum effectiveness.2 There is an ever increasing number of different technologies and medical interventions that cannot all be used to treat illnesses. The limited resources in the healthcare services, means decisions on resource allocation have to be made carefully so that maximum effectiveness can be achieved. In order to efficiently allocate resources, one has to consider the economic evaluation of the different alternatives before implementing the one that is the most effective and cost-effective.3 Health economics is used to improve peoples health, which is how it differs from normal economics, in that it is not about analysing consumers demand and supply, but analysing benefits of medical interventions in relation to their costs. In health economics it is also more difficult to measure health outcomes in comparison to financial outcomes in financial economics. Outcomes of healthcare interventions are usually measured in quality adjusted life years (QALY).3 Patterns of financing healthcare There are two methods of financing healthcare, which are public financing and private financing.4 Public financing of healthcare raises capital through taxation of the public (Table 1). The NHS is funded mainly through public financing. Private healthcare is where the capital is raised through the patients using the health services. The patients either pay themselves or are usually insured, so the insurance company pays their healthcare bills (Table 2). The healthcare system in the USA raises capital through private financing.5 Table 1. Describes the different methods and sources of public financing in healthcare Sources of Public Financing Description of Financing General Tax Revenues e.g. UK, Italy, New Zealand Finance is raised by taxation the cost of raising funds is low General taxation pays all the bills so patients do not Low cost per capita Two types of general taxation Regressive Falling more on the poor than rich people Includes tax on items such as tobacco, alcohol and recreational events etc. Progressive Falling more on the rich than poor people Includes tax on luxury products purchased by the rich Deficit Financing Raised by, issuing bonds with long term low interest repayments and bilateral or multilateral aid loans Borrowing and spending funds that are repaid over a period of time Deficit financing supplements general tax revenue It is used on the development and expansion in healthcare infrastructure Earmarked Taxes Tax on a particular product such as lottery and gambling for particular services such as healthcare Social Insurance e.g. France, Germany and Austria The state acts as insurer Financed by employer and employee payroll deduction Social insurance is based upon collective risk of insurance group Government might also contribute to social insurance Public Healthcare Insurance e.g. Canada, Taiwan and South Korea Uses private sector providers but payment made by government run insurance programmes. Capital expenditure are financed from tax revenues It is cheaper and much simpler to administrate than the American for-profit insurance. Wealth is transferred only from low to high risk groups, not from those with high income to low incomes Table 2. Describes the different methods and sources of private financing in healthcare Sources of Private Financing Description Private Health Insurance Social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk to another party in order to combine loss experienceby : Risk Pooling Risk Funding System of third party payments has the effect of: increasing demand Increasing of prices Inefficient allocation of resources Employer Financed Schemes Employers directly finance healthcare for their employees focusing on accident prevention and occupational health. They pay for private sector health services Employ medical personnel directly Provide necessary facilities and equipment Employees families are also covered. Community Financing It is voluntary in its nature Payment for healthcare is made by members of the community Resources are controlled directly by the community Direct Household Expenditure Health expenditure constitutes a large share of GDP through People buying more health services People buying higher quality health services Government services charge fees from users Raises household costs causing inequity A study produced by the world health organisation concluded that in healthcare services that were publicly funded, the expenditure was lower. This was as a percentage of GDP and per capita. It also concluded that the population as a whole gained better health outcomes, universal standards were in place and costs of treating illnesses were reduced by increase emphasis on preventative primary care.6 Healthcare systems in UK and USA In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) was developed in 1948, where for the whole population healthcare was free and it is paid for by taxation, which means people would pay for it according to their means, not their needs.7 The NHS is wholly funded by the government, through various methods such as taxation and national health insurance (Table 1). Only 1.3% of the total NHS expenditure is provided through charging patients, the other 98.7% is funded by the government, where 90.3% of that comes from taxation and 8.4% comes from national insurance.8 In the UK, only 11.5% of the population purchase supplementary private health insurance, whereas in the USA over 67% of the population have health insurance.9 10 In the USA the healthcare system is not funded by the government but rather by public and private health insurances. Private insurance which is mostly employment based, funds 67.5% of the healthcare budget and the rest is funded by public health insurance. The healthcare system in the USA is funded by the demand for good health, whereas the NHS is funded by the supply of healthcare. There are various programmes of public health insurance that are used to fund healthcare in the USA. These programmes include medicaid which helps the poor, medicare which helps the elderly and the disabled, state children health insurance plan which aims to help poor children and finally other plans such as those that are offered to the military. Although these public health insurances are in place to provide help to the poor, elderly and disabled, 45.7% of Americans do not have health insurance.10 The differences between the healthcare systems in the USA and the UK also differ in terms of health outcomes, availability and costs. In 2009 the total health expenditure in the USA was 15.7% of GDP in comparison to only 8.4% of GDP in the UK. Tables 3, 4 and 5 are demonstrate the differences between the two healthcare systems.11 Also, even though the USA has much higher health expenditure than the UK it still has a lower life expectancy at birth (78.8 years) compared to the UK (79.5). Table 3. Compares the healthcare expenditure of the USA and the UK healthcare systems in 2007.11 Indicators UK USA Total expenditure on health, % GDP 8.4 16 Total expenditure on health, Per capita US$ PPP 2992 7290 Public expenditure on health, % total expenditure on health 81.7 45.4 Public health expenditure per capita, US$ PPP 2446 3307 Out-of-pocket expenditure on health, % of total expenditure on health 11.4 12.2 Out-of-pocket expenditure on health, US$ PPP 343 890 Table 4. Compares the healthcare resources of the UK and USA healthcare systems.11 Indicators Year UK USA Practising physicians, density per 1,000 population 2007 2.5 2.4 Practising nurses, density per 1,000 population 2007 10 10.6 Medical graduates, density per 1 000 practising physicians 2006 37.7 26 Hospital beds, density per 1,000 population 2007 3.4 3.1 Acute care beds, density per 1,000 population 2006 2.8 2.7 Psychiatric care beds, density per 1,000 population 2006 0.7 0.3 MRI units per million population 2007 (e)  8.2 25.9 CT Scanners per million population 2006 (e) 7.6 32 Table 5. Compare health and disease in between the UK and the USA. Indicators of Health UK USA Life Expectancy at Birth (years) 79.5 78.8 Mortality Rate Under 5 (per 1000) 5.7 7.8 Maternal Mortality (per 1000) 8 11 Disease Diabetes Hospital Discharges per 100,000 72 197.9 Cancer Hospital Discharges per 100,000 994 563 Acute Myocardial Hospital Discharges per 100,000 153 277 The comparisons above show that increasing funding does not mean that the quality of health would improve. The USA spends much more capital on healthcare than the UK, but they still have a higher mortality rate for children under the age of 5. The table above demonstrate the fact that in NHS, the funds received are spent much more effectively than the healthcare system in the USA, showing that more effective resource allocation decisions are made and hence better health outcomes are achieved. Also due to the lack of health coverage in the USA, around 45,000 people are killed every year.12 Such figures do not exist in the NHS as healthcare services in the UK are free for everyone. Other means of showing how the NHS is better than the health service in the USA, is that in the UK, patients are treated in accordance to their illnesses regardless of their social class, whereas in the USA more income means better treatment, which of course only benefits the rich. Also administration charges in health services in the USA which are publicly funded such as medicare and madicaid cost much more than the services in the NHS making it less readily available to all the poor, elderly or disabled. The importance of application of economic evaluation in the NHS, to provide decision makers with robust information to guide resource allocation decisions. The definition of economic evaluation is that it is a comparative analysis of two or more courses of action in terms of both their costs and consequences.13 Hence in healthcare it can be thought of as a framework to assess the benefits and costs of each alternative method of healthcare intervention. The limited resources such as people, equipment and facilities in the healthcare, provide a helpful framework where alternative uses of the available resources can be compared. Economic evaluation in healthcare aims to maximise the outcomes from available resources through aiding resource allocation.13 There are three types of economic evaluations. These include cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), cost-utility analysis (CUA) and cost-benefit analysis (CBA). Although these terms characterise different types of analysis, they do share some similar components, which include a stated perspective, a comparison group, and evidence of effectiveness, evidence of costs and a method of combining both costs and effects collectively. The differences in the analyses are the ways used to measure and value health outcomes. When the health outcomes of comparative interventions are established to be the same, then a cost-minimisation analysis (CMA), which is a sub-component of CEA is used, and only considers the inputs. This analysis aims to decide which intervention is the cheapest method of attaining the same outcome.13 Resource allocation decisions in the NHS are very important because demand for healthcare exceeds the recourses that are available, which gives health authorities many challenges to face. Due to the acknowledged resource constrains in the NHS, economic evaluations have become a recognised part of policy making.14 In England, the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) is in charge of providing the national guidance for promoting good health and the treatment and prevention of ill health and provides clinical guidance to improve the quality of healthcare.15 In order to do that, the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of comparative healthcare interventions are required to be considered. There is a large increase in procedures and technologies for the prevention and treatment of diseases. Therefore, there are many alternatives of treatments and prevention of illnesses with variations in efficiencies and quality of care. Rational priorities in healthcare cannot be set for current and new resources. Hence, NICE would consider whether the resources available are being used in the best way possible to maximise efficiency. Technology appraisals are recommendation by NICE on the use of existing and new treatments and medicines within the NHS, such as surgical procedures, medical devices etc. which the NHS is legally obliged to fund. These very important recommendations, are based on evidence of how well the treatments and medicines work (clinical evidence) and how well they work in relation to their cost (economic evidence), (i.e. does it represent value for money?).16 Discuss the principles and an appropriate method for conducting an economic evaluation of breast cancer screening The breast cancer screening programme aims at detecting breast cancer at an early stage in women between the ages of 50-64, who are at a significantly increased risk of developing the neoplasm. An economic evaluation of the breast cancer screening program would need to compare to cost-effectiveness of the programme and of the treatment that would follow, with the cost-effectiveness of symptomatic detection of breast cancer and the appropriate treatment that would also follow. One would have to calculate the QALY of both the screening program and symptomatic detection, in order to achieve a quantitative measure of the benefits of the two interventions. In order to calculate QALY one would need to work out the quality of life during the disease stage and multiply it by the duration of the disease stage. This would provide a quantitative measure so that two interventions aimed at the same disease can be compared. Then one would need to calculate the costs of each intervention. Both of these would provide the cost effectiveness of each intervention and would show which is more cost-effective.3 Evaluate the rationale of the screening programme targeted to women aged between 50 and 64 in the UK. It is established now that breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in the UK, where 45,700 women and 277 men were diagnosed with it in 2007. Over the last 25 years, the incidence of incidence of female breast cancer rose by 50%. It is much more common in women over the age of 50 were 8 out of 10 women diagnosed fall in that age group.17 16,000 cases of breast cancer were detected in 2007/2008 through the NHS breast screening programme, and it is estimated that 1,400 lives are saved every year because of this programme. Approximately 2 out of 3 women with breast cancer survive more than 20 years with the disease. Where before 5 out of 10 women survived beyond 5 years now it is 8 out of 10 women. The graph (Figure 2) below illustrates the decreasing mortality of women diagnosed with breast cancer in comparison to the past. The earlier breast cancer is diagnosed the increased chance of survival. Approximately 9 out of 10 women diagnosed with stage I breast cancer survive longer than 5 years, whereas only 1 out of 10 women diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer survive beyond 5 years. Although so many lives are saved each year due to the screening programme, there were still 12,116 deaths from breast cancer in 2008 and 99% of these were in women. Therefore, it is crucial to detect breast cancer as early as possible to increase the chances of survival and the quality of life. In addition, detecting breast cancer at an early stage and treating it would be more cost less than the long term treatment of women diagnosed with later stages breast cancer.18 The reason the screening program is for women between the ages of 50-64 is that this age group have a much higher incidence of breast cancer in comparison to younger age groups. The average age of menopause is 50 and this is the when the breast become less dense and cancer can be detected much easier. The compliance in the age group of women over 64 years old is low; therefore it would increase costs and decrease the benefit of the screening program making it less cost effective. Figure 2. Demonstrates the age-standardised (European) mortality rates of breast cancer patients in the UK from 1971 until 2007. Conclusion In conclusion this report has discussed the different patterns of financing healthcare (Table 1 2). The health system in the USA was compared with the NHS in terms of financing, availability and cost. It was determined that the NHS has a lower health expenditure as percentage of GDP than the USAs health expenditure. However, the effective use of these recourses through guidance provided by NICE after taking into account economic evaluation of the different available resources makes the NHS a better healthcare provider than the USAs healthcare system. The importance of economic evaluations that are used to provide robust information to the NICE committee to aid in policy making decisions that are concerned with the allocation of the scarce resources of the NHS have been discussed. Also the principles and an appropriate method for conducting an economic evaluation of breast cancer screening was illustrated in this report. Finally, the importance of the breast cancer screening programme for women aged between 50-64 years was examined and the report demonstrates why the screening programme is so important and why this age group has been chosen for screening.

How to Paint a Geometric Design :: Expository Process Essays

How to Paint a Geometric Design    Art has been a part of our lives since humans first roamed the earth, but each person's definition varies with personality and environment. Some prefer the realism of Da Vinci, while others enjoy the simplicity of Mondrian. The challenge is to revise these forms and integrate them together to create a beautiful work of art. With a good eye and steady hand, anyone can create a fun and interesting conversation piece for any room of the house, just by following some basic guidelines.    Before the actual process of painting can begin there are several things that must be done. First and foremost is the creation of a design. Each artist, of course, has their own preferences on how best to accomplish this. Some jot it all down on a diner napkin, while others painstakingly draw out their idea in an expensive sketch book. Whatever the materials, the elements of design must be present, and the more of these which are incorporated the better the final product will be. There are many elements of design, such as rhythm and form, but two of the most important are color and balance. Balance simply means that the shapes and lines within the image compliment each other. In other words, the design is fun to look at. Color is important because it determines the mood of the painting. Greyscale is often very dramatic, whereas warm hues can make the heart race and cool colors can ease the mind. Contrasting colors such as purple and yellow can also be fun to use since th ey create a conflict of emotion within the viewer.    Once a design has been decided upon and before the process can begin supplies must be obtained. The nearest M.J. Designs or Michael's will most likely have the necessay items, but Gardenridge can be a good source also. Now is the time to decide upon a canvas size as well as what type of paint will be used. The type and size of the painting are artist's prerogative, of course, but many prefer large, stretched canvases because they're easier and more fun to work with. As far as paint goes, acrylics are best for beginners, and although not exactly reasonable, they aren't as expensive as most.

A Symbol of Our Culture

America's history has a lot of repetition In It. Price expressed her Irritation for how America started a new trend, using flamingos, and used this trend over and over again until It lost meaning. The symbol of the flamingo was used repetitively until It lost Its Importance, and essentially got boring. This tact In Itself clearly bothered Price. From the start, Price's attitude expressed how she felt about the use of the flamingo.The title, â€Å"The Plastic Pink Flamingo,† could be taken in a couple different ways. Plastic is describing the pink flamingo, yet plastic has two meanings. It could mean plastic as in the material the flamingo is made out of, but I think Price was intending to use plastic as a play on words and have plastic mean fake or superficial. This definition would represent Price's attitude of how she thinks America is so superficial and devalues objects, such as the flamingo. Price also used a simile to create a great visual of what she thought American cul ture was like.She compared our culture to, â€Å"[being] like a line of semiotic sprouts. † She draws attention to this simile by using alliterations of â€Å"like a line,† and â€Å"semiotic sprouts. † It is not exactly a compliment to be compared to a plant, not to mention how boring and uninteresting it is. This phrase paints a picture in our heads of sprouts lust sitting there droning on and on. When comparing this boring repetitive image to America and our culture, helps us realize Price's point exactly.Jennifer Price successfully portrayed her opinions of the American culture throughout this article by using diction such as repetition and playing close attention word choice. The use of techniques like similes and alliterations also helped reflect her tone of the article, â€Å"The Plastic Pink Flamingo. † A Symbol of Our Culture By Shelley Jennifer Price wrote the essay, â€Å"The Plastic Pink Flamingo' with intentions to get gain, one tends to get bored with the idea.Price intended for the reader to get bored and sick of reading the word â€Å"pink† because it reflects how America's history has a lot of repetition in it. Price expressed her irritation for how America started a new trend, using flamingos, and used this trend over and over again until it lost meaning. The symbol of the flamingo was used repetitively until it lost its importance, and essentially got boring. This fact in itself clearly bothered Price. Just sitting there droning on and on. When comparing this boring repetitive image to

How to Make Game of Thrones Wildfire

How to Make Game of Thrones Wildfire Wildfire is the fictional green green substance used in  George R. R. Martin’s epic fantasy world to immolate foes when dragon fire isnt handy and swords just arent enough. According to the HBO Game of Thrones series, the liquid burns in the presence of urine and burns so hot it melts  wood,  stone... even  steel... and, of course, flesh! Oh, and it burns with an emerald green flame. In the television series and Martins A Song of Ice and Fire novel, the secret of wildfire was pyromancer magic, but we all know the best magic is simply science that isnt well-understood, right? Martins fictional goo resembles modern napalm (except for the green color) and Greek fire, a real-life weapon used during the Byzantine era (also, probably not green). Make (a Safer) Wildfire This wildfire recipe wont be of much use if you want to melt stone, but it makes nice ambiance lighting when youre reading Martins books or need to find your way back to the kitchen for a snack during Game of Thrones. You end up with a green liquid that burns bright, vivid green. It spreads out nicely, like pyromancer wildfire, but it doesnt burn as long or as a brightly. Wildfire Materials Borax  Green Food ColoringMethanol (Methyl alcohol is available as Heet fuel treatment or as a lab chemical.)Hand Sanitizer Gel (The alcohol-based stuff is what you want. You only need this if youre making the gel.)Heat-safe container.   You can get a similar result using high proof grain alcohol or rubbing alcohol and copper(II) sulfate (usually sold as an algicide) if borax is unavailable. Its not as good as the borax-methanol mixture, though, so dont substitute if you dont have to do so. Lets Make Wildfire Pour a bit of methanol into your container. You dont need a lot. Dont taste it (youll get a headache or go blind if you drink enough) and dont splash around in it (its absorbed through your skin). There are warnings on the label youd do well to read. Oh, and its flammable, but thats kind of the whole point.Stir in a drop of green food coloring. Pretty right?Break up any clumps in your borax and stir a spoonful into the liquid. You dont need an exact measurement. It only takes a small amount to get green flames. If you add too much, youll have white sediment in the bottom of your container.Light your creation and admire the pretty green fire. If you do this indoors, be advised your smoke alarm likely will sound (mine did). Blow out the flames when youre sufficiently amused.Now, if you want to make a gel out of this, you can stir in hand sanitizer until you get the consistency you want. Hand sanitizer is a mixture of water and ethyl alcohol. Because there is ethanol in it, you can mix it in with the methanol without too much trouble. Adding the water also means you have a chance to add powdered copper(II) sulfate, which dissolves in water, but not so well in alcohol. You dont need to add copper sulfate... Im just throwing it out there as an option. Ignite the gel. Still green, but not quite as bright, right?If you want to try again, all you need to do is add more methanol. It is important you only add more fuel after the flames have been extinguished. Use common sense. You can blow out the flames. You can also extinguish the fire with water, but then you wont be able to re-light it. Safety Considerations Yes, this is a real fire. Yes, it can burn you or ignite your hair or clothing if you spill it while its lit, just like any other type of alcohol lamp. Responsible adult supervision is required. Responsible is the keyword. Dont play pyromancer. Wildfire, Greek Fire, and Burning on Water Although it wasnt green, Greek fire or sea fire was a real incendiary weapon used in naval battles from around 672 onward into the 12th century. Its formulation is unknown but may have included ingredients such as pine resin, calcium phosphide, naphtha, niter, quicklime, and sulfur. It was almost certainly a mixture based on bitumen, petroleum, or sulfur. While the mixture floated on water, its unclear whether or not it could actually be ignited by water. An Italian recipe from the 16th century that supposedly burns underwater is made from willow coal, sulfur, wool, camphor, incense, alcohol and some sort of burning salt and pergola. You can try to decipher the Italian text, or just rely on modern chemistry to ignite a green flame with a drop of water.

Thesis Methodology

Thesis Methodology Thesis Methodology Thesis Methodology Writing style is often context-specific. If a thesis involves a quantitative thesis methodology, it is advisable to find writing that reflects that paradigm, emphasizing statistical accuracy and formal expression, such as 'it was found' or 'the data suggest'. For a more qualitative or phenomenological methodology, writing often reflects a less formal style, with greater use of quotations from subjects or from other sources. You should investigate the language and style used in other theses, articles and research projects in your area; ask your supervisor to give you feedback on your style of thesis writing. Thesis Dissertation Writing Whatever your thesis area is, the thesis should be written in an appropriately formal style. This generally means avoiding slang expressions, contractions and jargon writing a thesis. While the style should be formal and the arguments are likely to be complex, this doesn't mean that the thesis should be verbose or hard to read. A complex argument means that you need to pay more attention to a clear structure and flow of ideas; you must maintain the interest of the reader. It is worth discussing with your supervisor what degree of detail and (abbreviated) jargon is appropriate for the different chapters of your thesis methodology. Some candidates fall into the trap of writing very complex text, trying to convey everything they know, in order to persuade the examiners that they have done a lot of work. This can result in a dense and difficult-to-read thesis, filled with long paragraphs and lengthy sentences, with the result that the reader loses track of the argument. This sort of verbose text is likely to annoy a reader and may even cause them to disagree with your argument. Most research theses involve analysis of complex data and/or issues, drawing on a wide variety of previous research. This naturally produces complexity in both your argument and your analysis. But don't confuse complex arguments with verbosity. Writing thesis chapter should be done in such a way that it can be easily followed and understood. But while simplification in writing is a virtue, over-simplification is not. Again, it comes down to balance - and your thesis supervisor is a good person to advise you on whether you are striking an appropriate balance. Custom Thesis offers you an opportunity to order thesis methodology writing assistance.   We are available 24/7 and we are able to help you with any thesis writing assignment despite of the topic and urgency of delivery.   Feel free to contact us to learn more about our prices and services!

Financial statement auditing analysis Case Study

Financial statement auditing analysis - Case Study Example This essay seeks to examine five areas of heightened audit risk relating to the audit of the Havelock Company under study. As a point of departure, the management commentary on credit and liquidity risks indicates existence of unsound control systems on revenues and the general expenditure of the company. This study will focus on the profitability, liquidity, financial leverage, working capital and valuation ratios. These instruments are essentially the reflection of the company’s financial position in terms of control system management. This follows that; analytical examination of the ratios will play a fundamental role in exhibiting the potential risks areas of Havelock Company (RODGERS, 2007). These ratios include Gross profit margin, Operating margin and net profit margin. These ratios aid in investigating profitability status of an organization through comparison of the income aspects with sales. This follows that, upon examining and comparing Havelock Company’s profitability ratios of 2011 and 2012, auditing assumptions will be made consequently, identifying the possible risk audit areas (VOGEL, 2007). The gross margin profit implies that the amount of sales revenue which remains after the cost of goods. The ratios above indicate the in 2011 the sales revenue left was significantly low compared to 2013. There is a shift from -0.36 to 0.07. This tells the auditors that the significant change should be widely investigated, particularly on the element of sales. The significant rate of the sales revenue remained might be investigated based on sale of goods of other brands from outside, hence creating a backlog of the company’s goods. This is a potential audit area for Havelock Company, which might be attributed to issues of disclosure (VOGEL, 2007). These ratios aid in establishing the company’s capacity to meet its short-term debts. The current ratio for Havelock went down from 5.43 in 2011 to 2.88 in 2012. This implies that the

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 11

Case study - Essay Example They work with people suffering from various types of illnesses in diversity of roles and actions demanding expert skills and professional knowledge. The situations are many a times complex requiring an understanding of the complexity of the situation. Every nurse-patient encounter is unique and there are no fixed solutions to many nursing problems. Due to these demands and requirements, some professional standards and skills are expected from the nurses. Competence for nurses is important for the kind of profession it is and the expectations that the profession arouses. Nursing profession involves complex combinations of performance, knowledge, attitudes and skills (David 2005). In this essay, nursing care of a patient with pancreatitis will be discussed to enhance reflective thinking and appraise nursing competence during case management. The case discussion is about a 58 year old patient by name James (name changed to maintain privacy). James was brought to the emergency room on a Friday evening after a weekend party with severe abdominal pain. He was accompanied by his wife and friend. In the past, James had few episodes of abdominal pain and he responded well to antigastritis treatments. However, since the intensity of pain was more and he also had severe vomiting, his wife forced him to see a doctor in the emergency room. In the emergency room, James appeared dehydrated and was in distress. On enquiry, it was found that he did not pass much urine in the past 6 hours and had vomited several number of times. He had severe abdominal pain in the centre of the abdomen which radiated towards his back. He did not have loos stools and was passing flatus normal. The emergency doctor suspected acute pancreatitis. He performed serum amylase levels and they were 3000IU/l. CT scan which was done immediately confirmed the same . The patient was then transferred to surgical intensive care unit for further management. I was put incharge of