War of the Roses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

War of the Roses - Essay Example The beginning of the wars was marked by brief civil unrest with rebellions led by Richard. The wars escalated into massive struggles from 1461 to 1471 between the support of Henry and the supporters of Edward IV, son of Duke Richard. The name of the war arose due to the badge used by the house of York (white rose) and the red rose assumed by Henry VII, the first Tudor King. The wars involved about sixty weeks of extensive campaigns across England with substantial fights in various fights including Wales, Ireland, and Calais. Other places that experienced major causalities of war included London and York. Both fighting sides relied on the knights and foreign mercenary companies for support. Most troops relied on the traditional tactics. The opposing English side sometimes used the longbowmen. Sometimes, field artillery would be deployed including long hand –gunners. Insufficient campaigns reduced the social and economic impact of the war. Leaders had to keep winning the trust of the civilians. Many kings and elites had a custom of investing standing forces mainly for domestic conflict and sometimes for fortification. The war did not produce prevalent destruction and multiple recessions. Participants did not have a lot of resources for extensive and prolonged warfare. The attempts by the dynastic rebellions to oppose Henry VII, after the victory over Richard III got hampered because there was not a convincing Yorkist person to occupy the position of King. A lot of opposition arose since lots of money was used to run the court system.

Sports And Games Essay Example for Free

Sports And Games Essay Sports and Games are essential for many reasons.They not only help us to maintain good health but also foster friendship and goodbehaviour.Many people think that the aim of sports and games is to win gold medals in olympic games.That is not at all important.what is important is that every boy and every girl in our country should be interested in sports and games. Being interested in games does not mean merely watching other people play games.They should devote at least an hour a day to sports and games.sports and games must be given as much importance as academic studies in our scools and colleges.Marks must be awarded for proficiency in mathematics and physics. Most of us are interested in sports but in our country we cant take sports as a career its just a game this should be changed because in china many of them are adopted for sports they dont even do their education properly their only aim is to shine in Spitsbergens of that only they getting medals and first place in Olympics but in our country its not like that it should be change then only we will get medals. Sportsmen have often to live together while undergoing training and participating in competitions.They understand one another and learn to make the adjustments for corporate life.They learn to respect one anothers individuality.In other words,they learn the virtue of tolerance. In the US, the most popular is football. In Canada, its hockey. In Mexico, its soccer. In all of Central America except for Cuba and Puerto Rico, its soccer since in those Cuba and Puerto Rico the favorite is baseball. In all of South America, its soccer. In all of Africa its soccer. In all of Europe its soccer except for some icy countries like Finland where they cant play soccer so its snowboarding and hockey. In most of the Middle East, its soccer. In India, which has about 1.2 billion people, its cricket The importance of sports and games is being increasingly recognised in India, from both the educational and social points of view. More and more funds are being allocated for encouraging sports in schools, colleges and universities; in fact, sports have become an essential part of the curricula. Time was when only a few students, who were fond of games like hockey, football, cricket or tennis, were allowed special facilities.

Discussing British Police Forces In The Uk Criminology Essay

Discussing British Police Forces In The Uk Criminology Essay British police forces in the United Kingdom are unarmed, patrolling officers carry baton, speed-handcuffs and incapacitate spray. However, some units carry sub-machine guns and protective clothing on the international airports. Police use of force is a controversy subject of many discussions and it can create social conflict. Citizens want the police to be able to protect them against criminals, crime and violence by use of force. The fear of use of force and abuse of authority by the police will challenge freedom and basic human and civil rights. It also threatens characteristic and priceless value to British traditional policing by consent (Waddington and Wright 2008, Waddington 1991, Waddington 2003 and Waldern 2007). To answer the workshop report question it is necessary to state that the above quote The police are the custodians of the states lawful monopoly of force/coercion comes from Waddingtons book The strong arm of the law, published by Clarendon Press in 1991. Main body: Background information: Policing and police forces in England and Wales differ to the policing style in Scotland and Northern Ireland. The start of policing was seen in 1829 in London established by Sir Robert Peel (Waddington 2003 and Palmer 1988). The police officers were armed at the beginning when the famous Bow Street Runners carried weapons. However, Peel insisted on creation of the New Police. It would include British police officers who are seen as citizens in uniform, that means that they have more powers then citizens when are uniformed, but they are equal when off duty. Also they were dressed in a non-military style and their presence was highly visible in the community (Waddington and Wright 2008 and Waldern 2007). Police use of force and coercion: Police officers always must justify their use of force and it must be necessary and proportionate to the situation and danger. The force must aim and targeted at the specific offender (Harlow 1974, Ashworth 1975 and Waddington 2003). The Metropolitan Police Service has its firearm department, called CO19 (known over the years as D6, D11, PT17 or SO19). Arms Police carry various combinations of weapons, including carbines, rifles, baton guns, pump-action shotguns and tasers. Coercion is way of reaction and practice when forcing public to behave in an involuntary conduct. Those actions and practice can be accomplished by use of threats, intimidation, form of pressure and force or use of torture as the most extreme methods (Police 2009, Waddington 1991). Previously, the military was the exclusive states custodians of force. Due to the growth of the nations multicultural and citizenship the police developed into the core institution to establish compliance between states lawful monopoly and the citizens (Marshall 1950, Tilly 1995 and Waldern 2007). Shoot to kill policy: Police officers use of lethal force is the last resource, to eliminate the threat and it does not mean shot to kill, although it aims to stop an imminent threat to life. The practice and recommendations when using lethal force in relation to terrorists was to aim at the torso, with is the biggest part of the body. From the other hand, it mostly causes fatal injuries to the terrorist suspect. It was replaced with the recommendation to use firearms as the last resource in self-defense cases. The counteract point can be argued that the bomb placed on the chest and can be detonated when shot. That can clarify the actions of some armed police officers (e.g. shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes on 22/07/2005) who shot to incapacitate by multiple shots to the head of a suspected suicide bomber. Shooting in such a way intends to guarantee immediate flaccid incapacitation of the brain stem. The main principle of shooting to incapacitate is not to kill however to accomplish instant incapacitation (ACPO 2005, Amnesty International 1988, Asmal 1985, Kennison and Loumansky 2007, Mainwaring-White 1983, Squires and Kennison 2010 and Waldern 2007). Policing by consent: Policing by consent is the relationship between police and community based on agreement. Community needs to respect and follow actions, tasks and routinely police work in return of detection and protection from crime. British police officers stay unarmed to uphold Queens Peace. The term of policing by consent can be confusing because police officers operate as members of the legitimate authority, custodians of the state. The police officer may ask the suspect to remain calm, answer few questions and stay with the police officer. The suspect may refuse the follow officers instructions, which will probably result in the suspect being arrested. The suspect did not consent to being arrested but wanted to leave, the police powers of arrest allow the police officer to act against suspects will and detain the suspect. The publics compliance can be achieved by informing the public what to do. In case if they refuse and do not comply, police officer can force them to compliance (Police 2009 and Waddington 1991). Legislations: Those documents give the police powers to use force as a custodians of states lawful monopoly. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Gives powers of arrest, search a person/vehicle without first making an arrest, search premises, seize and retain property found on premises/persons, the requirements for the detention, treatment and questioning of people in the custody, recording of interviews, methods used during the investigation and deals with the detention of terrorism suspects (Home Office 2010). Human Rights Act 1998, Article 2 Protects right to life and states the use of lethal force by police should be necessary and proportionate (The National Archives 2010 and Waddington and Wright 2008). The ACPO Manual of Guidance on Police Use of Firearms The police officers may use force only when strictly necessary and to the extent required to perform their duties (ACPO 2005). Criminal Justice Act 1967, section 3 Any person may use reasonable force in prevention of crime or assisting during the lawful arrest for lawful purposes (Waddington 1991 and Waddington and Wright 2008). Common Law Police officers and citizens share a right to defend themselves and the duty to maintain Queens Peace (Waddington and Wright 2008). Conclusion: The law in United Kingdom allows police officer to use reasonable force to make an arrest, to prevent crime from happening or in case of self-defense. The use of fatal force needs to be justified that the fore used during the given circumstances was not more than absolutely necessary. The above picture created public concerns and nervousness about the issue of usage of the minimum force and style of policing based on coercion. The police have authorization by the law to achieve compliance from the public by usage of coercion. As mention earlier, policing by consent and coercion created the dilemma, due to the publics expectation, norms and values and the methods of policing. The armed officers are allowed only to shot to stop an imminent threat to life. Police officers need to take a responsible decision when planning to shoot a firearm. The officer must be convinced of the indisputable need to fire a gun in order to protect life, the rational nature of the force that they will use, and the insufficiency of any other option. The force used by police as the custodians of the states monopoly of force can only be used against citizens who breach the peace and break the law The formation of an unarmed and civil police force is the mark-point of the British police tradition. It resulted in the establishment of the states lawful monopoly for force. References: ACPO (2005) The ACPO Manual of Guidance on Police use of Firearms, ACPO Amnesty International (1988) United Kingdom: Northern Ireland: Killings by Security Forces and Supergrass Trials, London, Amnesty International Ashworth, A. J. (1975) Self-defense and the right to life, Cambridge: Law Journal 34, Volume 2 Asmal, K. (1985) Shoot to Kill? International Lawyers Inquiry into the Lethal Use of Firearms by the Security Forces in Northern Ireland, Dublin, Mercier Press. Harlow, C. (1974) Self-Defense: Public Right or Private Privilege?, Criminal Law Review Home Office (2010) Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) and Accompanying Codes of Practice, http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/police/powers/pace-codes (accessed on 05/11/2010) Kennison, P. and Loumansky, A. (2007) Shoot to kill: Understanding police use of force in combating suicide terrorism, Crime, Law and Social Change 47 Mainwaring-White, S. (1983) The Policy Revolution, Brighton: Harvester Marshall, T. H. (1950) Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays, Cambridge University Press. Palmer, S. H. (1988) Police and Protest in England and Ireland, 1780-1850, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Police (2009) Policing by Consent, The Police Federation of England and Wales Squires, P. and Kennison, P. (2010) Shooting to kill? Policing, Firearms and Armed Response, Wiley-Blackwell The National Archives (2010) Human Rights Act 1998, http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents (accessed on 05/11/2010) Tilly, C. (1995) Popular Contention in Great Britain, Harvard University Press. Waddington, P. A. J. (1991) The strong arm of the law, Oxford: Clarendon Press Waddington, P. A. J. (1999) Policing Citizens, London, Routledge Waddington, P. A. J. (2003) Human Rights and Police use of Force in the Terrorist Context, in Stenning, P. C. (eds.) Police use of Force and Human Rights, Criminology Research Centre Occasional Paper Waddington, P. A. J. and Wright, M. (2008) in Newburn, T. (eds.) Handbook of Policing, Second Edition, Willan Publishing Waldern, M. J. (2007) Armed Police: The Police Use of Firearms since 1945, Sutton Publishing

Macbeth: Macbeth A Victim of Circumstances :: Free Macbeth Essays

Macbeth: Macbeth A Victim of Circumstances Macbeth, a victim of circumstances or not? He was a victim of circumstances. The witches, Lady Macbeth, and Macbeth himself all contribute to the murdering of Duncan. The first of the three major circumstances Macbeth falls victim to is the witches' prediction. The third prediction that the witches make is that he will be king "All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!"1. The second of the circumstances is Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth, at first, skillfully pushes Macbeth to murder Duncan by mocking him "Was the hope drunk; Wherein you dressed yourself?"2, doubting his love for her "Such I account thy love,"3 accusing him of cowardice "And live a coward"4. She finally convinced him by pointing out how easy it would be " When Duncan is asleep-"5. Macbeth loved his wife very much and valued her opinion, perhaps too much. The last of the major circumstances is simply himself and what he is deep down. Macbeth has no control over the way he is. It is his vaulting ambition that makes him the way he is. This is why I consider it a circumstance where others may not. Macbeth is weak. He gave in to his evil side by even considering murdering Duncan. We can see him questioning himself in his aside in Act I scene 3 "Why do I yield to that suggestion whose horrid image ... Are less than horrible imaginings;"6. He cannot seem to be able to control his thoughts. He lets his ambition to become king run a wild. The murder of Duncan is the first and biggest step in Macbeth's moral degradation. From here evil deeds become easier because he feels he has gone too far to turn around. I am in blood; Stepped in so far that, should I wade no more, Returning were as tedious as go o'er.7 Later Macbeth is so hardened by his sins "The time has been my senses would have cooled To here a night-shriek"8 that a woman's shriek does nothing to him. Now, in order for this essay to show that Macbeth is a victim of circumstances I must prove the importance of each major circumstance. Without any one of these reasons I do not believe that Macbeth would have gone through with killing Duncan. If I take away the witches' prediction, Macbeth would never have thought about becoming king. Thus he would not have given even a thought to murdering Duncan. Now, if he never murdered Duncan, he would have had no reasons to have

Does Immigration Affect the American Economy Essay

The original inhabitants of North America were Native Americans. Imperial powers sought to colonize the new world; staking claims to harvest and export the resources. The first attempt by the imperial powers to colonize the Native Americans proved to be unsuccessful which lead to the beginning of the mass migration to the new world, America. The first and longest period of immigration from the 17th century to the early 19th century was marked by the landing of the first fleet with the arrival of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock commenced immigration within North America. The majority of the first migrants hailed from the British Isles, England, Welsh, Scotland and Ireland. Many of the first settlers were people who sought to start a new life, they were for the most part young and unable to adapt in the post Napoleonic period in modern society. America offered a new start where in exchange for a period of hard labor and indentured service they could acquire small pieces of land that they could work as independent farmers. Early immigration helped to make America successful and shaped American society. The Affects of Immigration in the Lower Working Class of America Introduction – The Lower Working Class The indentured servants were the first lower working class of Americans; men and women who sought to come to America but, were unable to pay for the voyage entered into an agreement with employers to work for a specified period of time in exchange for their voyage. The working class endured harsh labor and conditions; among the most notable populations of indentured servants were the Irish. The lowest class, the Irish population predominantly Catholic, were outcasts among the protestant Americans. The Irish endured aversion and a strong anti-Catholic sentiment; including the creation of a political party, The Know Nothings, the platform was built on anti-immigration and anti-Catholicism (Diner, 2008). Working Class Job Availability Before Immigration As America became more settled and the economy grew, infrastructure and industry drove the demand for immigrant workers. The 19th century introduced new technology resulted in more sophisticated ships and steamboats which made voyages less harsh for people of the world to make their trip to America; where the first settlers endured long journeys on ships that sailed. During this period there was influx of Europeans, Germans, Pols, Greeks and approximately 3 million Jews. They settled in the urban areas making up the industrial labor pool; thereby contributing to the American industrialization. The immigrant workforce made America one of the fastest growing industrialized nations in coal mining, textile factories, automobile assembly and steal manufacturing. Currently, many American companies are multinational, participating in international trade. Multinationals make America one of the largest competitors in the global market. Many American fortune 500 companies are seeking qualified immigrants for their talent pool and workforce diversification strategy. Companies such as Wells Fargo and Co. , CISCO, GAP Inc. attribute a portion of their global success to having an ethnically diverse workforce. Companies are coming together to share in best practices and competitive advantages of hiring immigrant professionals. Immigration and the American Economy New Consumers Immigrants as Consumers Immigrants now are contributing the strength of the middle, upper middle classes in America. For the most part, immigrants who successfully immigrate to America are well educated, have a wealth of experience and are driven to succeed. It is the strong middle class which supports the economy and contributes to consumer spending. The correlation between a strong middle class, consumer sentiment, and consumer spending is apparent in the performance of the economy. Gallup polls used to gauge consumer confidence and consumer spending among immigrant populations may be higher due to a more positive economic outlook vs. American sentiment. Immigrants as Business Owners The immigrant workforce has contributed to the success of the American economy through filling gaps in the workforce where work groups were lacking; I. e. computer science and service oriented fields. Reports from the Department of Commerce show successful business models in family owned and operated businesses for immigrant owned businesses. They are flourishing partly due to the sub economies created in close knit homogeneous towns and networks, for example China Town and Little Italy. There are also the service oriented businesses set up according to value driven models, offering highly desired services at discount prices in sectors such as salons, restaurants, as well as building and maintenance. These businesses provide many American’s with value added services at prices that are affordable to working class. Another attribute to the success of these businesses is that they tend to be significantly cashed up, using their own funds to set up and operate. Income Wage Differences Immigrant Fulfillment of Economic Labor Shortages Future of Immigration and the American Economy The future of immigration and the American Economy is uncertain; there is little room in the current administrations budget with regard to helping immigrants complete the process in a timely and efficient manner. The focus is currently on security and streamlining immigration processes as it relates to documenting immigrants and processing the current applications. Immigrants who are in pending statuses are likely to be denied due to time and budgetary constraints. The immigration issue is identifying those who are here illegally and then to decide what within legal and humanitarian boundaries what to do with this population. Many resources are being utilized to enforce and protect the border. This leaves the United States of America with a large dilemma, who will fill the jobs these people currently do and how will their absence affect the our economic productivity? The Long Term Immigration is becoming more difficult in United States; it is too soon to tell the economic impact. The affects of globalization support the ethnically diverse workforce and the overall success of multinational companies which in turn would support legal immigration. Current data would support the theory that for a country to be a strong competitor in the global market, it would have to possess a strong ethnically diverse world class workforce.

Free Essays on Themes Of Japanese Religion

Japanese Religious History 1: Earhart’s six themes attempt to explain the established Japanese world view, which is a perception of the world gathered through experience and memory of experience. In Japan, being religious is being Japanese, and Earhart’s themes are an understanding of the religious dimensions of the Japanese people’s cultural identity. The closeness of human beings, Gods, and nature is the thickest thread in Japan’s religious tapestry. Perhaps it is because of the awe-inspiring landscape of the island nation and its early dependency on the land through fishing and agriculture that brought the Japanese people to a harmonious state with nature and the Gods. However deplorable comparisons may be, they do serve a purpose in experiential understanding through comparison to personal knowledge. In a sense, the inclusive idea of kami is similar to some Native American tribes’ relationships with the land and the inherent sacredness they realized through their understanding and dependency in their traditional physical connection to the land. The unity between people, nature, and the divine is a prominent theme of Japanese religion. The religious character of the family is also an important theme, considering the home is the center of religious devotion, and the family is the most important social and religious institution. The family connection is significant for maintaining the practice of rituals honoring ancestral spirits and providing solidity for religious activity. If religious devotion is dependent on the family unit, then the religious character of the family is a necessary theme to provide a world view. Moreover, the family is typically the center of social unity in most cultures, especially in regards to religious devotion and worship, so their influence and involvement in the themes to understand religion in Japan is obvious. The significance of purification, rituals, and charms and local fe... Free Essays on Themes Of Japanese Religion Free Essays on Themes Of Japanese Religion Japanese Religious History 1: Earhart’s six themes attempt to explain the established Japanese world view, which is a perception of the world gathered through experience and memory of experience. In Japan, being religious is being Japanese, and Earhart’s themes are an understanding of the religious dimensions of the Japanese people’s cultural identity. The closeness of human beings, Gods, and nature is the thickest thread in Japan’s religious tapestry. Perhaps it is because of the awe-inspiring landscape of the island nation and its early dependency on the land through fishing and agriculture that brought the Japanese people to a harmonious state with nature and the Gods. However deplorable comparisons may be, they do serve a purpose in experiential understanding through comparison to personal knowledge. In a sense, the inclusive idea of kami is similar to some Native American tribes’ relationships with the land and the inherent sacredness they realized through their understanding and dependency in their traditional physical connection to the land. The unity between people, nature, and the divine is a prominent theme of Japanese religion. The religious character of the family is also an important theme, considering the home is the center of religious devotion, and the family is the most important social and religious institution. The family connection is significant for maintaining the practice of rituals honoring ancestral spirits and providing solidity for religious activity. If religious devotion is dependent on the family unit, then the religious character of the family is a necessary theme to provide a world view. Moreover, the family is typically the center of social unity in most cultures, especially in regards to religious devotion and worship, so their influence and involvement in the themes to understand religion in Japan is obvious. The significance of purification, rituals, and charms and local fe...